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package local::lib; use 5.006; BEGIN { if ($ENV{RELEASE_TESTING}) { require strict; strict->import; require warnings; warnings->import; } } use Config (); our $VERSION = '2.000029'; $VERSION =~ tr/_//d; BEGIN { *_WIN32 = ($^O eq 'MSWin32' || $^O eq 'NetWare' || $^O eq 'symbian') ? sub(){1} : sub(){0}; # punt on these systems *_USE_FSPEC = ($^O eq 'MacOS' || $^O eq 'VMS' || $INC{'File/Spec.pm'}) ? sub(){1} : sub(){0}; } my $_archname = $Config::Config{archname}; my $_version = $Config::Config{version}; my @_inc_version_list = reverse split / /, $Config::Config{inc_version_list}; my $_path_sep = $Config::Config{path_sep}; our $_DIR_JOIN = _WIN32 ? '\\' : '/'; our $_DIR_SPLIT = (_WIN32 || $^O eq 'cygwin') ? qr{[\\/]} : qr{/}; our $_ROOT = _WIN32 ? do { my $UNC = qr{[\\/]{2}[^\\/]+[\\/][^\\/]+}; qr{^(?:$UNC|[A-Za-z]:|)$_DIR_SPLIT}; } : qr{^/}; our $_PERL; sub _perl { if (!$_PERL) { # untaint and validate ($_PERL, my $exe) = $^X =~ /((?:.*$_DIR_SPLIT)?(.+))/; $_PERL = 'perl' if $exe !~ /perl/; if (_is_abs($_PERL)) { } elsif (-x $Config::Config{perlpath}) { $_PERL = $Config::Config{perlpath}; } elsif ($_PERL =~ $_DIR_SPLIT && -x $_PERL) { $_PERL = _rel2abs($_PERL); } else { ($_PERL) = map { /(.*)/ } grep { -x $_ } map { ($_, _WIN32 ? ("$_.exe") : ()) } map { join($_DIR_JOIN, $_, $_PERL) } split /\Q$_path_sep\E/, $ENV{PATH}; } } $_PERL; } sub _cwd { if (my $cwd = defined &Cwd::sys_cwd ? \&Cwd::sys_cwd : defined &Cwd::cwd ? \&Cwd::cwd : undef ) { no warnings 'redefine'; *_cwd = $cwd; goto &$cwd; } my $drive = shift; return Win32::GetCwd() if _WIN32 && defined &Win32::GetCwd && !$drive; local @ENV{qw(PATH IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)}; delete @ENV{qw(PATH IFS CDPATH ENV BASH_ENV)}; my $cmd = $drive ? "eval { Cwd::getdcwd(q($drive)) }" : 'getcwd'; my $perl = _perl; my $cwd = `"$perl" -MCwd -le "print $cmd"`; chomp $cwd; if (!length $cwd && $drive) { $cwd = $drive; } $cwd =~ s/$_DIR_SPLIT?$/$_DIR_JOIN/; $cwd; } sub _catdir { if (_USE_FSPEC) { require File::Spec; File::Spec->catdir(@_); } else { my $dir = join($_DIR_JOIN, @_); $dir =~ s{($_DIR_SPLIT)(?:\.?$_DIR_SPLIT)+}{$1}g; $dir; } } sub _is_abs { if (_USE_FSPEC) { require File::Spec; File::Spec->file_name_is_absolute($_[0]); } else { $_[0] =~ $_ROOT; } } sub _rel2abs { my ($dir, $base) = @_; return $dir if _is_abs($dir); $base = _WIN32 && $dir =~ s/^([A-Za-z]:)// ? _cwd("$1") : $base ? _rel2abs($base) : _cwd; return _catdir($base, $dir); } our $_DEVNULL; sub _devnull { return $_DEVNULL ||= _USE_FSPEC ? (require File::Spec, File::Spec->devnull) : _WIN32 ? 'nul' : $^O eq 'os2' ? '/dev/nul' : '/dev/null'; } sub import { my ($class, @args) = @_; if ($0 eq '-') { push @args, @ARGV; require Cwd; } my @steps; my %opts; my %attr; my $shelltype; while (@args) { my $arg = shift @args; # check for lethal dash first to stop processing before causing problems # the fancy dash is U+2212 or \xE2\x88\x92 if ($arg =~ /\xE2\x88\x92/) { die <<'DEATH'; WHOA THERE! It looks like you've got some fancy dashes in your commandline! These are *not* the traditional -- dashes that software recognizes. You probably got these by copy-pasting from the perldoc for this module as rendered by a UTF8-capable formatter. This most typically happens on an OS X terminal, but can happen elsewhere too. Please try again after replacing the dashes with normal minus signs. DEATH } elsif ($arg eq '--self-contained') { die <<'DEATH'; FATAL: The local::lib --self-contained flag has never worked reliably and the original author, Mark Stosberg, was unable or unwilling to maintain it. As such, this flag has been removed from the local::lib codebase in order to prevent misunderstandings and potentially broken builds. The local::lib authors recommend that you look at the lib::core::only module shipped with this distribution in order to create a more robust environment that is equivalent to what --self-contained provided (although quite possibly not what you originally thought it provided due to the poor quality of the documentation, for which we apologise). DEATH } elsif( $arg =~ /^--deactivate(?:=(.*))?$/ ) { my $path = defined $1 ? $1 : shift @args; push @steps, ['deactivate', $path]; } elsif ( $arg eq '--deactivate-all' ) { push @steps, ['deactivate_all']; } elsif ( $arg =~ /^--shelltype(?:=(.*))?$/ ) { $shelltype = defined $1 ? $1 : shift @args; } elsif ( $arg eq '--no-create' ) { $opts{no_create} = 1; } elsif ( $arg eq '--quiet' ) { $attr{quiet} = 1; } elsif ( $arg eq '--always' ) { $attr{always} = 1; } elsif ( $arg =~ /^--/ ) { die "Unknown import argument: $arg"; } else { push @steps, ['activate', $arg, \%opts]; } } if (!@steps) { push @steps, ['activate', undef, \%opts]; } my $self = $class->new(%attr); for (@steps) { my ($method, @args) = @$_; $self = $self->$method(@args); } if ($0 eq '-') { print $self->environment_vars_string($shelltype); exit 0; } else { $self->setup_local_lib; } } sub new { my $class = shift; bless {@_}, $class; } sub clone { my $self = shift; bless {%$self, @_}, ref $self; } sub inc { $_[0]->{inc} ||= \@INC } sub libs { $_[0]->{libs} ||= [ \'PERL5LIB' ] } sub bins { $_[0]->{bins} ||= [ \'PATH' ] } sub roots { $_[0]->{roots} ||= [ \'PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT' ] } sub extra { $_[0]->{extra} ||= {} } sub quiet { $_[0]->{quiet} } sub _as_list { my $list = shift; grep length, map { !(ref $_ && ref $_ eq 'SCALAR') ? $_ : ( defined $ENV{$$_} ? split(/\Q$_path_sep/, $ENV{$$_}) : () ) } ref $list ? @$list : $list; } sub _remove_from { my ($list, @remove) = @_; return @$list if !@remove; my %remove = map { $_ => 1 } @remove; grep !$remove{$_}, _as_list($list); } my @_lib_subdirs = ( [$_version, $_archname], [$_version], [$_archname], (map [$_], @_inc_version_list), [], ); sub install_base_bin_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; return _catdir($path, 'bin'); } sub install_base_perl_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; return _catdir($path, 'lib', 'perl5'); } sub install_base_arch_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; _catdir($class->install_base_perl_path($path), $_archname); } sub lib_paths_for { my ($class, $path) = @_; my $base = $class->install_base_perl_path($path); return map { _catdir($base, @$_) } @_lib_subdirs; } sub _mm_escape_path { my $path = shift; $path =~ s/\\/\\\\/g; if ($path =~ s/ /\\ /g) { $path = qq{"$path"}; } return $path; } sub _mb_escape_path { my $path = shift; $path =~ s/\\/\\\\/g; return qq{"$path"}; } sub installer_options_for { my ($class, $path) = @_; return ( PERL_MM_OPT => defined $path ? "INSTALL_BASE="._mm_escape_path($path) : undef, PERL_MB_OPT => defined $path ? "--install_base "._mb_escape_path($path) : undef, ); } sub active_paths { my ($self) = @_; $self = ref $self ? $self : $self->new; return grep { # screen out entries that aren't actually reflected in @INC my $active_ll = $self->install_base_perl_path($_); grep { $_ eq $active_ll } @{$self->inc}; } _as_list($self->roots); } sub deactivate { my ($self, $path) = @_; $self = $self->new unless ref $self; $path = $self->resolve_path($path); $path = $self->normalize_path($path); my @active_lls = $self->active_paths; if (!grep { $_ eq $path } @active_lls) { warn "Tried to deactivate inactive local::lib '$path'\n"; return $self; } my %args = ( bins => [ _remove_from($self->bins, $self->install_base_bin_path($path)) ], libs => [ _remove_from($self->libs, $self->install_base_perl_path($path)) ], inc => [ _remove_from($self->inc, $self->lib_paths_for($path)) ], roots => [ _remove_from($self->roots, $path) ], ); $args{extra} = { $self->installer_options_for($args{roots}[0]) }; $self->clone(%args); } sub deactivate_all { my ($self) = @_; $self = $self->new unless ref $self; my @active_lls = $self->active_paths; my %args; if (@active_lls) { %args = ( bins => [ _remove_from($self->bins, map $self->install_base_bin_path($_), @active_lls) ], libs => [ _remove_from($self->libs, map $self->install_base_perl_path($_), @active_lls) ], inc => [ _remove_from($self->inc, map $self->lib_paths_for($_), @active_lls) ], roots => [ _remove_from($self->roots, @active_lls) ], ); } $args{extra} = { $self->installer_options_for(undef) }; $self->clone(%args); } sub activate { my ($self, $path, $opts) = @_; $opts ||= {}; $self = $self->new unless ref $self; $path = $self->resolve_path($path); $self->ensure_dir_structure_for($path, { quiet => $self->quiet }) unless $opts->{no_create}; $path = $self->normalize_path($path); my @active_lls = $self->active_paths; if (grep { $_ eq $path } @active_lls[1 .. $#active_lls]) { $self = $self->deactivate($path); } my %args; if ($opts->{always} || !@active_lls || $active_lls[0] ne $path) { %args = ( bins => [ $self->install_base_bin_path($path), @{$self->bins} ], libs => [ $self->install_base_perl_path($path), @{$self->libs} ], inc => [ $self->lib_paths_for($path), @{$self->inc} ], roots => [ $path, @{$self->roots} ], ); } $args{extra} = { $self->installer_options_for($path) }; $self->clone(%args); } sub normalize_path { my ($self, $path) = @_; $path = ( Win32::GetShortPathName($path) || $path ) if $^O eq 'MSWin32'; return $path; } sub build_environment_vars_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->activate($_[1], { always => 1 }); $self->build_environment_vars; } sub build_activate_environment_vars_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->activate($_[1], { always => 1 }); $self->build_environment_vars; } sub build_deactivate_environment_vars_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->deactivate($_[1]); $self->build_environment_vars; } sub build_deact_all_environment_vars_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->deactivate_all; $self->build_environment_vars; } sub build_environment_vars { my $self = shift; ( PATH => join($_path_sep, _as_list($self->bins)), PERL5LIB => join($_path_sep, _as_list($self->libs)), PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT => join($_path_sep, _as_list($self->roots)), %{$self->extra}, ); } sub setup_local_lib_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->activate($_[1]); $self->setup_local_lib; } sub setup_local_lib { my $self = shift; # if Carp is already loaded, ensure Carp::Heavy is also loaded, to avoid # $VERSION mismatch errors (Carp::Heavy loads Carp, so we do not need to # check in the other direction) require Carp::Heavy if $INC{'Carp.pm'}; $self->setup_env_hash; @INC = @{$self->inc}; } sub setup_env_hash_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->activate($_[1]); $self->setup_env_hash; } sub setup_env_hash { my $self = shift; my %env = $self->build_environment_vars; for my $key (keys %env) { if (defined $env{$key}) { $ENV{$key} = $env{$key}; } else { delete $ENV{$key}; } } } sub print_environment_vars_for { print $_[0]->environment_vars_string_for(@_[1..$#_]); } sub environment_vars_string_for { my $self = $_[0]->new->activate($_[1], { always => 1}); $self->environment_vars_string; } sub environment_vars_string { my ($self, $shelltype) = @_; $shelltype ||= $self->guess_shelltype; my $extra = $self->extra; my @envs = ( PATH => $self->bins, PERL5LIB => $self->libs, PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT => $self->roots, map { $_ => $extra->{$_} } sort keys %$extra, ); $self->_build_env_string($shelltype, \@envs); } sub _build_env_string { my ($self, $shelltype, $envs) = @_; my @envs = @$envs; my $build_method = "build_${shelltype}_env_declaration"; my $out = ''; while (@envs) { my ($name, $value) = (shift(@envs), shift(@envs)); if ( ref $value && @$value == 1 && ref $value->[0] && ref $value->[0] eq 'SCALAR' && ${$value->[0]} eq $name) { next; } $out .= $self->$build_method($name, $value); } my $wrap_method = "wrap_${shelltype}_output"; if ($self->can($wrap_method)) { return $self->$wrap_method($out); } return $out; } sub build_bourne_env_declaration { my ($class, $name, $args) = @_; my $value = $class->_interpolate($args, '${%s:-}', qr/["\\\$!`]/, '\\%s'); if (!defined $value) { return qq{unset $name;\n}; } $value =~ s/(^|\G|$_path_sep)\$\{$name:-\}$_path_sep/$1\${$name}\${$name:+$_path_sep}/g; $value =~ s/$_path_sep\$\{$name:-\}$/\${$name:+$_path_sep\${$name}}/; qq{${name}="$value"; export ${name};\n} } sub build_csh_env_declaration { my ($class, $name, $args) = @_; my ($value, @vars) = $class->_interpolate($args, '${%s}', qr/["\$]/, '"\\%s"'); if (!defined $value) { return qq{unsetenv $name;\n}; } my $out = ''; for my $var (@vars) { $out .= qq{if ! \$?$name setenv $name '';\n}; } my $value_without = $value; if ($value_without =~ s/(?:^|$_path_sep)\$\{$name\}(?:$_path_sep|$)//g) { $out .= qq{if "\${$name}" != '' setenv $name "$value";\n}; $out .= qq{if "\${$name}" == '' }; } $out .= qq{setenv $name "$value_without";\n}; return $out; } sub build_cmd_env_declaration { my ($class, $name, $args) = @_; my $value = $class->_interpolate($args, '%%%s%%', qr(%), '%s'); if (!$value) { return qq{\@set $name=\n}; } my $out = ''; my $value_without = $value; if ($value_without =~ s/(?:^|$_path_sep)%$name%(?:$_path_sep|$)//g) { $out .= qq{\@if not "%$name%"=="" set "$name=$value"\n}; $out .= qq{\@if "%$name%"=="" }; } $out .= qq{\@set "$name=$value_without"\n}; return $out; } sub build_powershell_env_declaration { my ($class, $name, $args) = @_; my $value = $class->_interpolate($args, '$env:%s', qr/["\$]/, '`%s'); if (!$value) { return qq{Remove-Item -ErrorAction 0 Env:\\$name;\n}; } my $maybe_path_sep = qq{\$(if("\$env:$name"-eq""){""}else{"$_path_sep"})}; $value =~ s/(^|\G|$_path_sep)\$env:$name$_path_sep/$1\$env:$name"+$maybe_path_sep+"/g; $value =~ s/$_path_sep\$env:$name$/"+$maybe_path_sep+\$env:$name+"/; qq{\$env:$name = \$("$value");\n}; } sub wrap_powershell_output { my ($class, $out) = @_; return $out || " \n"; } sub build_fish_env_declaration { my ($class, $name, $args) = @_; my $value = $class->_interpolate($args, '$%s', qr/[\\"'$ ]/, '\\%s'); if (!defined $value) { return qq{set -e $name;\n}; } # fish has special handling for PATH, CDPATH, and MANPATH. They are always # treated as arrays, and joined with ; when storing the environment. Other # env vars can be arrays, but will be joined without a separator. We only # really care about PATH, but might as well make this routine more general. if ($name =~ /^(?:CD|MAN)?PATH$/) { $value =~ s/$_path_sep/ /g; my $silent = $name =~ /^(?:CD)?PATH$/ ? " 2>"._devnull : ''; return qq{set -x $name $value$silent;\n}; } my $out = ''; my $value_without = $value; if ($value_without =~ s/(?:^|$_path_sep)\$$name(?:$_path_sep|$)//g) { $out .= qq{set -q $name; and set -x $name $value;\n}; $out .= qq{set -q $name; or }; } $out .= qq{set -x $name $value_without;\n}; $out; } sub _interpolate { my ($class, $args, $var_pat, $escape, $escape_pat) = @_; return unless defined $args; my @args = ref $args ? @$args : $args; return unless @args; my @vars = map { $$_ } grep { ref $_ eq 'SCALAR' } @args; my $string = join $_path_sep, map { ref $_ eq 'SCALAR' ? sprintf($var_pat, $$_) : do { s/($escape)/sprintf($escape_pat, $1)/ge; $_; }; } @args; return wantarray ? ($string, \@vars) : $string; } sub pipeline; sub pipeline { my @methods = @_; my $last = pop(@methods); if (@methods) { \sub { my ($obj, @args) = @_; $obj->${pipeline @methods}( $obj->$last(@args) ); }; } else { \sub { shift->$last(@_); }; } } sub resolve_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; $path = $class->${pipeline qw( resolve_relative_path resolve_home_path resolve_empty_path )}($path); $path; } sub resolve_empty_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; if (defined $path) { $path; } else { '~/perl5'; } } sub resolve_home_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; $path =~ /^~([^\/]*)/ or return $path; my $user = $1; my $homedir = do { if (! length($user) && defined $ENV{HOME}) { $ENV{HOME}; } else { require File::Glob; File::Glob::bsd_glob("~$user", File::Glob::GLOB_TILDE()); } }; unless (defined $homedir) { require Carp; require Carp::Heavy; Carp::croak( "Couldn't resolve homedir for " .(defined $user ? $user : 'current user') ); } $path =~ s/^~[^\/]*/$homedir/; $path; } sub resolve_relative_path { my ($class, $path) = @_; _rel2abs($path); } sub ensure_dir_structure_for { my ($class, $path, $opts) = @_; $opts ||= {}; my @dirs; foreach my $dir ( $class->lib_paths_for($path), $class->install_base_bin_path($path), ) { my $d = $dir; while (!-d $d) { push @dirs, $d; require File::Basename; $d = File::Basename::dirname($d); } } warn "Attempting to create directory ${path}\n" if !$opts->{quiet} && @dirs; my %seen; foreach my $dir (reverse @dirs) { next if $seen{$dir}++; mkdir $dir or -d $dir or die "Unable to create $dir: $!" } return; } sub guess_shelltype { my $shellbin = defined $ENV{SHELL} && length $ENV{SHELL} ? ($ENV{SHELL} =~ /([\w.]+)$/)[-1] : ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' && exists $ENV{'!EXITCODE'} ) ? 'bash' : ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' && $ENV{PROMPT} && $ENV{COMSPEC} ) ? ($ENV{COMSPEC} =~ /([\w.]+)$/)[-1] : ( $^O eq 'MSWin32' && !$ENV{PROMPT} ) ? 'powershell.exe' : 'sh'; for ($shellbin) { return /csh$/ ? 'csh' : /fish$/ ? 'fish' : /command(?:\.com)?$/i ? 'cmd' : /cmd(?:\.exe)?$/i ? 'cmd' : /4nt(?:\.exe)?$/i ? 'cmd' : /powershell(?:\.exe)?$/i ? 'powershell' : 'bourne'; } } 1; __END__ =encoding utf8 =head1 NAME local::lib - create and use a local lib/ for perl modules with PERL5LIB =head1 SYNOPSIS In code - use local::lib; # sets up a local lib at ~/perl5 use local::lib '~/foo'; # same, but ~/foo # Or... use FindBin; use local::lib "$FindBin::Bin/../support"; # app-local support library From the shell - # Install LWP and its missing dependencies to the '~/perl5' directory perl -MCPAN -Mlocal::lib -e 'CPAN::install(LWP)' # Just print out useful shell commands $ perl -Mlocal::lib PERL_MB_OPT='--install_base /home/username/perl5'; export PERL_MB_OPT; PERL_MM_OPT='INSTALL_BASE=/home/username/perl5'; export PERL_MM_OPT; PERL5LIB="/home/username/perl5/lib/perl5"; export PERL5LIB; PATH="/home/username/perl5/bin:$PATH"; export PATH; PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT="/home/usename/perl5:$PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT"; export PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT; From a F<.bash_profile> or F<.bashrc> file - eval "$(perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib)" =head2 The bootstrapping technique A typical way to install local::lib is using what is known as the "bootstrapping" technique. You would do this if your system administrator hasn't already installed local::lib. In this case, you'll need to install local::lib in your home directory. Even if you do have administrative privileges, you will still want to set up your environment variables, as discussed in step 4. Without this, you would still install the modules into the system CPAN installation and also your Perl scripts will not use the lib/ path you bootstrapped with local::lib. By default local::lib installs itself and the CPAN modules into ~/perl5. Windows users must also see L</Differences when using this module under Win32>. =over 4 =item 1. Download and unpack the local::lib tarball from CPAN (search for "Download" on the CPAN page about local::lib). Do this as an ordinary user, not as root or administrator. Unpack the file in your home directory or in any other convenient location. =item 2. Run this: perl Makefile.PL --bootstrap If the system asks you whether it should automatically configure as much as possible, you would typically answer yes. =item 3. Run this: (local::lib assumes you have make installed on your system) make test && make install =item 4. Now we need to setup the appropriate environment variables, so that Perl starts using our newly generated lib/ directory. If you are using bash or any other Bourne shells, you can add this to your shell startup script this way: echo 'eval "$(perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib)"' >>~/.bashrc If you are using C shell, you can do this as follows: % echo $SHELL /bin/csh $ echo 'eval `perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib`' >> ~/.cshrc After writing your shell configuration file, be sure to re-read it to get the changed settings into your current shell's environment. Bourne shells use C<. ~/.bashrc> for this, whereas C shells use C<source ~/.cshrc>. =back =head3 Bootstrapping into an alternate directory In order to install local::lib into a directory other than the default, you need to specify the name of the directory when you call bootstrap. Then, when setting up the environment variables, both perl and local::lib must be told the location of the bootstrap directory. The setup process would look as follows: perl Makefile.PL --bootstrap=~/foo make test && make install echo 'eval "$(perl -I$HOME/foo/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib=$HOME/foo)"' >>~/.bashrc . ~/.bashrc =head3 Other bootstrapping options If you're on a slower machine, or are operating under draconian disk space limitations, you can disable the automatic generation of manpages from POD when installing modules by using the C<--no-manpages> argument when bootstrapping: perl Makefile.PL --bootstrap --no-manpages To avoid doing several bootstrap for several Perl module environments on the same account, for example if you use it for several different deployed applications independently, you can use one bootstrapped local::lib installation to install modules in different directories directly this way: cd ~/mydir1 perl -Mlocal::lib=./ eval $(perl -Mlocal::lib=./) ### To set the environment for this shell alone printenv ### You will see that ~/mydir1 is in the PERL5LIB perl -MCPAN -e install ... ### whatever modules you want cd ../mydir2 ... REPEAT ... If you use F<.bashrc> to activate a local::lib automatically, the local::lib will be re-enabled in any sub-shells used, overriding adjustments you may have made in the parent shell. To avoid this, you can initialize the local::lib in F<.bash_profile> rather than F<.bashrc>, or protect the local::lib invocation with a C<$SHLVL> check: [ $SHLVL -eq 1 ] && eval "$(perl -I$HOME/perl5/lib/perl5 -Mlocal::lib)" If you are working with several C<local::lib> environments, you may want to remove some of them from the current environment without disturbing the others. You can deactivate one environment like this (using bourne sh): eval $(perl -Mlocal::lib=--deactivate,~/path) which will generate and run the commands needed to remove C<~/path> from your various search paths. Whichever environment was B<activated most recently> will remain the target for module installations. That is, if you activate C<~/path_A> and then you activate C<~/path_B>, new modules you install will go in C<~/path_B>. If you deactivate C<~/path_B> then modules will be installed into C<~/pathA> -- but if you deactivate C<~/path_A> then they will still be installed in C<~/pathB> because pathB was activated later. You can also ask C<local::lib> to clean itself completely out of the current shell's environment with the C<--deactivate-all> option. For multiple environments for multiple apps you may need to include a modified version of the C<< use FindBin >> instructions in the "In code" sample above. If you did something like the above, you have a set of Perl modules at C<< ~/mydir1/lib >>. If you have a script at C<< ~/mydir1/scripts/myscript.pl >>, you need to tell it where to find the modules you installed for it at C<< ~/mydir1/lib >>. In C<< ~/mydir1/scripts/myscript.pl >>: use strict; use warnings; use local::lib "$FindBin::Bin/.."; ### points to ~/mydir1 and local::lib finds lib use lib "$FindBin::Bin/../lib"; ### points to ~/mydir1/lib Put this before any BEGIN { ... } blocks that require the modules you installed. =head2 Differences when using this module under Win32 To set up the proper environment variables for your current session of C<CMD.exe>, you can use this: C:\>perl -Mlocal::lib set PERL_MB_OPT=--install_base C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\perl5 set PERL_MM_OPT=INSTALL_BASE=C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\perl5 set PERL5LIB=C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\perl5\lib\perl5 set PATH=C:\DOCUME~1\ADMINI~1\perl5\bin;%PATH% ### To set the environment for this shell alone C:\>perl -Mlocal::lib > %TEMP%\tmp.bat && %TEMP%\tmp.bat && del %TEMP%\tmp.bat ### instead of $(perl -Mlocal::lib=./) If you want the environment entries to persist, you'll need to add them to the Control Panel's System applet yourself or use L<App::local::lib::Win32Helper>. The "~" is translated to the user's profile directory (the directory named for the user under "Documents and Settings" (Windows XP or earlier) or "Users" (Windows Vista or later)) unless $ENV{HOME} exists. After that, the home directory is translated to a short name (which means the directory must exist) and the subdirectories are created. =head3 PowerShell local::lib also supports PowerShell, and can be used with the C<Invoke-Expression> cmdlet. Invoke-Expression "$(perl -Mlocal::lib)" =head1 RATIONALE The version of a Perl package on your machine is not always the version you need. Obviously, the best thing to do would be to update to the version you need. However, you might be in a situation where you're prevented from doing this. Perhaps you don't have system administrator privileges; or perhaps you are using a package management system such as Debian, and nobody has yet gotten around to packaging up the version you need. local::lib solves this problem by allowing you to create your own directory of Perl packages downloaded from CPAN (in a multi-user system, this would typically be within your own home directory). The existing system Perl installation is not affected; you simply invoke Perl with special options so that Perl uses the packages in your own local package directory rather than the system packages. local::lib arranges things so that your locally installed version of the Perl packages takes precedence over the system installation. If you are using a package management system (such as Debian), you don't need to worry about Debian and CPAN stepping on each other's toes. Your local version of the packages will be written to an entirely separate directory from those installed by Debian. =head1 DESCRIPTION This module provides a quick, convenient way of bootstrapping a user-local Perl module library located within the user's home directory. It also constructs and prints out for the user the list of environment variables using the syntax appropriate for the user's current shell (as specified by the C<SHELL> environment variable), suitable for directly adding to one's shell configuration file. More generally, local::lib allows for the bootstrapping and usage of a directory containing Perl modules outside of Perl's C<@INC>. This makes it easier to ship an application with an app-specific copy of a Perl module, or collection of modules. Useful in cases like when an upstream maintainer hasn't applied a patch to a module of theirs that you need for your application. On import, local::lib sets the following environment variables to appropriate values: =over 4 =item PERL_MB_OPT =item PERL_MM_OPT =item PERL5LIB =item PATH =item PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT =back When possible, these will be appended to instead of overwritten entirely. These values are then available for reference by any code after import. =head1 CREATING A SELF-CONTAINED SET OF MODULES See L<lib::core::only> for one way to do this - but note that there are a number of caveats, and the best approach is always to perform a build against a clean perl (i.e. site and vendor as close to empty as possible). =head1 IMPORT OPTIONS Options are values that can be passed to the C<local::lib> import besides the directory to use. They are specified as C<use local::lib '--option'[, path];> or C<perl -Mlocal::lib=--option[,path]>. =head2 --deactivate Remove the chosen path (or the default path) from the module search paths if it was added by C<local::lib>, instead of adding it. =head2 --deactivate-all Remove all directories that were added to search paths by C<local::lib> from the search paths. =head2 --quiet Don't output any messages about directories being created. =head2 --always Always add directories to environment variables, ignoring if they are already included. =head2 --shelltype Specify the shell type to use for output. By default, the shell will be detected based on the environment. Should be one of: C<bourne>, C<csh>, C<cmd>, or C<powershell>. =head2 --no-create Prevents C<local::lib> from creating directories when activating dirs. This is likely to cause issues on Win32 systems. =head1 CLASS METHODS =head2 ensure_dir_structure_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: None =back Attempts to create a local::lib directory, including subdirectories and all required parent directories. Throws an exception on failure. =head2 print_environment_vars_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: None =back Prints to standard output the variables listed above, properly set to use the given path as the base directory. =head2 build_environment_vars_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: %environment_vars =back Returns a hash with the variables listed above, properly set to use the given path as the base directory. =head2 setup_env_hash_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: None =back Constructs the C<%ENV> keys for the given path, by calling L</build_environment_vars_for>. =head2 active_paths =over 4 =item Arguments: None =item Return value: @paths =back Returns a list of active C<local::lib> paths, according to the C<PERL_LOCAL_LIB_ROOT> environment variable and verified against what is really in C<@INC>. =head2 install_base_perl_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $install_base_perl_path =back Returns a path describing where to install the Perl modules for this local library installation. Appends the directories C<lib> and C<perl5> to the given path. =head2 lib_paths_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: @lib_paths =back Returns the list of paths perl will search for libraries, given a base path. This includes the base path itself, the architecture specific subdirectory, and perl version specific subdirectories. These paths may not all exist. =head2 install_base_bin_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $install_base_bin_path =back Returns a path describing where to install the executable programs for this local library installation. Appends the directory C<bin> to the given path. =head2 installer_options_for =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: %installer_env_vars =back Returns a hash of environment variables that should be set to cause installation into the given path. =head2 resolve_empty_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $base_path =back Builds and returns the base path into which to set up the local module installation. Defaults to C<~/perl5>. =head2 resolve_home_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $home_path =back Attempts to find the user's home directory. If no definite answer is available, throws an exception. =head2 resolve_relative_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $absolute_path =back Translates the given path into an absolute path. =head2 resolve_path =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $absolute_path =back Calls the following in a pipeline, passing the result from the previous to the next, in an attempt to find where to configure the environment for a local library installation: L</resolve_empty_path>, L</resolve_home_path>, L</resolve_relative_path>. Passes the given path argument to L</resolve_empty_path> which then returns a result that is passed to L</resolve_home_path>, which then has its result passed to L</resolve_relative_path>. The result of this final call is returned from L</resolve_path>. =head1 OBJECT INTERFACE =head2 new =over 4 =item Arguments: %attributes =item Return value: $local_lib =back Constructs a new C<local::lib> object, representing the current state of C<@INC> and the relevant environment variables. =head1 ATTRIBUTES =head2 roots An arrayref representing active C<local::lib> directories. =head2 inc An arrayref representing C<@INC>. =head2 libs An arrayref representing the PERL5LIB environment variable. =head2 bins An arrayref representing the PATH environment variable. =head2 extra A hashref of extra environment variables (e.g. C<PERL_MM_OPT> and C<PERL_MB_OPT>) =head2 no_create If set, C<local::lib> will not try to create directories when activating them. =head1 OBJECT METHODS =head2 clone =over 4 =item Arguments: %attributes =item Return value: $local_lib =back Constructs a new C<local::lib> object based on the existing one, overriding the specified attributes. =head2 activate =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $new_local_lib =back Constructs a new instance with the specified path active. =head2 deactivate =over 4 =item Arguments: $path =item Return value: $new_local_lib =back Constructs a new instance with the specified path deactivated. =head2 deactivate_all =over 4 =item Arguments: None =item Return value: $new_local_lib =back Constructs a new instance with all C<local::lib> directories deactivated. =head2 environment_vars_string =over 4 =item Arguments: [ $shelltype ] =item Return value: $shell_env_string =back Returns a string to set up the C<local::lib>, meant to be run by a shell. =head2 build_environment_vars =over 4 =item Arguments: None =item Return value: %environment_vars =back Returns a hash with the variables listed above, properly set to use the given path as the base directory. =head2 setup_env_hash =over 4 =item Arguments: None =item Return value: None =back Constructs the C<%ENV> keys for the given path, by calling L</build_environment_vars>. =head2 setup_local_lib Constructs the C<%ENV> hash using L</setup_env_hash>, and set up C<@INC>. =head1 A WARNING ABOUT UNINST=1 Be careful about using local::lib in combination with "make install UNINST=1". The idea of this feature is that will uninstall an old version of a module before installing a new one. However it lacks a safety check that the old version and the new version will go in the same directory. Used in combination with local::lib, you can potentially delete a globally accessible version of a module while installing the new version in a local place. Only combine "make install UNINST=1" and local::lib if you understand these possible consequences. =head1 LIMITATIONS =over 4 =item * Directory names with spaces in them are not well supported by the perl toolchain and the programs it uses. Pure-perl distributions should support spaces, but problems are more likely with dists that require compilation. A workaround you can do is moving your local::lib to a directory with spaces B<after> you installed all modules inside your local::lib bootstrap. But be aware that you can't update or install CPAN modules after the move. =item * Rather basic shell detection. Right now anything with csh in its name is assumed to be a C shell or something compatible, and everything else is assumed to be Bourne, except on Win32 systems. If the C<SHELL> environment variable is not set, a Bourne-compatible shell is assumed. =item * Kills any existing PERL_MM_OPT or PERL_MB_OPT. =item * Should probably auto-fixup CPAN config if not already done. =item * On VMS and MacOS Classic (pre-OS X), local::lib loads L<File::Spec>. This means any L<File::Spec> version installed in the local::lib will be ignored by scripts using local::lib. A workaround for this is using C<use lib "$local_lib/lib/perl5";> instead of using C<local::lib> directly. =item * Conflicts with L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker>'s C<PREFIX> option. C<local::lib> uses the C<INSTALL_BASE> option, as it has more predictable and sane behavior. If something attempts to use the C<PREFIX> option when running a F<Makefile.PL>, L<ExtUtils::MakeMaker> will refuse to run, as the two options conflict. This can be worked around by temporarily unsetting the C<PERL_MM_OPT> environment variable. =item * Conflicts with L<Module::Build>'s C<--prefix> option. Similar to the previous limitation, but any C<--prefix> option specified will be ignored. This can be worked around by temporarily unsetting the C<PERL_MB_OPT> environment variable. =back Patches very much welcome for any of the above. =over 4 =item * On Win32 systems, does not have a way to write the created environment variables to the registry, so that they can persist through a reboot. =back =head1 TROUBLESHOOTING If you've configured local::lib to install CPAN modules somewhere in to your home directory, and at some point later you try to install a module with C<cpan -i Foo::Bar>, but it fails with an error like: C<Warning: You do not have permissions to install into /usr/lib64/perl5/site_perl/5.8.8/x86_64-linux at /usr/lib64/perl5/5.8.8/Foo/Bar.pm> and buried within the install log is an error saying C<'INSTALL_BASE' is not a known MakeMaker parameter name>, then you've somehow lost your updated ExtUtils::MakeMaker module. To remedy this situation, rerun the bootstrapping procedure documented above. Then, run C<rm -r ~/.cpan/build/Foo-Bar*> Finally, re-run C<cpan -i Foo::Bar> and it should install without problems. =head1 ENVIRONMENT =over 4 =item SHELL =item COMSPEC local::lib looks at the user's C<SHELL> environment variable when printing out commands to add to the shell configuration file. On Win32 systems, C<COMSPEC> is also examined. =back =head1 SEE ALSO =over 4 =item * L<Perl Advent article, 2011|http://perladvent.org/2011/2011-12-01.html> =back =head1 SUPPORT IRC: Join #toolchain on irc.perl.org. =head1 AUTHOR Matt S Trout <mst@shadowcat.co.uk> http://www.shadowcat.co.uk/ auto_install fixes kindly sponsored by http://www.takkle.com/ =head1 CONTRIBUTORS Patches to correctly output commands for csh style shells, as well as some documentation additions, contributed by Christopher Nehren <apeiron@cpan.org>. Doc patches for a custom local::lib directory, more cleanups in the english documentation and a L<german documentation|POD2::DE::local::lib> contributed by Torsten Raudssus <torsten@raudssus.de>. Hans Dieter Pearcey <hdp@cpan.org> sent in some additional tests for ensuring things will install properly, submitted a fix for the bug causing problems with writing Makefiles during bootstrapping, contributed an example program, and submitted yet another fix to ensure that local::lib can install and bootstrap properly. Many, many thanks! pattern of Freenode IRC contributed the beginnings of the Troubleshooting section. Many thanks! Patch to add Win32 support contributed by Curtis Jewell <csjewell@cpan.org>. Warnings for missing PATH/PERL5LIB (as when not running interactively) silenced by a patch from Marco Emilio Poleggi. Mark Stosberg <mark@summersault.com> provided the code for the now deleted '--self-contained' option. Documentation patches to make win32 usage clearer by David Mertens <dcmertens.perl@gmail.com> (run4flat). Brazilian L<portuguese translation|POD2::PT_BR::local::lib> and minor doc patches contributed by Breno G. de Oliveira <garu@cpan.org>. Improvements to stacking multiple local::lib dirs and removing them from the environment later on contributed by Andrew Rodland <arodland@cpan.org>. Patch for Carp version mismatch contributed by Hakim Cassimally <osfameron@cpan.org>. Rewrite of internals and numerous bug fixes and added features contributed by Graham Knop <haarg@haarg.org>. =head1 COPYRIGHT Copyright (c) 2007 - 2013 the local::lib L</AUTHOR> and L</CONTRIBUTORS> as listed above. =head1 LICENSE This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself. =cut

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